A comprehensive study of energy dependence of particle ratios in pp collisions from SPS to LHC energies

A comprehensive study has been performed to estimate the kaon pion ( $$K^\pm$$ / $$\pi ^\pm$$ ) and total (K/ $$\pi$$ yield ratios as a function of centre mass energy in pp collisions at different energies, i.e. $$\sqrt{\mathrm {s}}$$ = 6.3, 17.3, 62.4, 200, 900 GeV, 2.76 TeV, 7 13 TeV 14 using EPOS1.99, EPOS-LHC, HIJING, QGSJETII-03 Sibyll2.3d model simulations. NA61/SHINE experiment reported that $$K^+/\pi ^+$$ ratio exhibits rapid changes SPS range. horn-like structure appears $$K/\pi$$ collision energy. Significant presence horn $$K^+$$ $$K^-$$ ^-$$ is suggested by experimental data lower which confirmed HIJING EPOS-LHC models. smooth increase also seen higher energies. The simulations predict similar with increasing On basis previous available measurements, we predictions these where no are available. Almost all models suggest saturation within statistical fluctuations energies except EPOS1.99 slightly overpredict ratio. These systematic comparisons helpful apply possible constraints on various hadronic event generators significantly improve standard physics well for understanding underlying mechanisms high-energy collisions.